By Nur Faizah Billah Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts with others, and experiences the world. People with autism often have challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities. Some may also have strong interests or abilities in specific areas.
Autism is called a “spectrum” because it includes a wide range of characteristics and varies greatly from person to person. While some individuals may need significant support in daily life, others can live independently and excel in different fields.
The exact cause of autism is not fully understood, but research suggests it results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetics play a strong role—autism can run in families, and certain genes are linked to increased risk. Environmental influences during pregnancy, such as exposure to infections, pollutants, or complications during birth, may also contribute.
Autism is not caused by vaccines or poor parenting. It usually appears in early childhood, often before age 3, and can be diagnosed through behavioral observation and developmental assessments.
While there is no cure, early intervention, therapy, and support can help autistic individuals lead fulfilling lives and reach their full potential. Understanding and acceptance are key to supporting people with autism.
What is Autism in children?
Autism affects how children:
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Communicate and interact with others
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Understand emotions and social cues
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Respond to sensory experiences (e.g., noise, touch, lights)
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Behave — they may have repetitive actions or a strong need for routine
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects how a person focuses, controls impulses, and manages energy levels. It often begins in childhood and can continue into adulthood.
Key Symptoms of ADHD:
ADHD has three main types based on symptoms:
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Inattentive Type
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Trouble paying attention or staying focused
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Easily distracted or forgetful
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Difficulty following instructions or completing tasks
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Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
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Constant movement or fidgeting
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Difficulty sitting still or waiting their turn
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Talking too much or interrupting others
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Combined Type
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A mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms
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How does ADHD happen?
The exact cause of ADHD is not fully known, but research shows it is linked to a combination of genetic, brain-based, and environmental factors:
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Genetics: ADHD often runs in families, suggesting a strong genetic link.
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Brain structure and function: Differences in brain areas that control attention, behavior, and impulse control.
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Environmental factors: Exposure to smoking, alcohol, or toxins during pregnancy, low birth weight, or early brain injury may increase risk.
ADHD is not caused by bad parenting or too much screen time. It is a medical condition that can be managed with therapy, structure, and sometimes medication. Early support helps children with ADHD succeed at home, school, and in life.
The best way for parents to cope involves a combination of emotional support, education, structure, and self-care. Here are the key strategies,
1. Educate Yourself
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Learn as much as you can about your child’s condition.
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Understand their strengths, challenges, and how they see the world.
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Ask questions to doctors, therapists, and teachers.
2. Build a Support Network
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Connect with other parents of children with special needs (support groups, online communities).
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Share experiences and advice—it helps to know you’re not alone.
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Involve family and friends who are supportive and understanding.
3. Work with Professionals
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Collaborate with teachers, therapists, doctors, and specialists.
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Follow through with therapy plans and school accommodations.
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Ask for help when needed—early intervention is powerful.
4. Create Structure and Routine
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Children with special needs often thrive with clear schedules and expectations.
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Use visual aids, charts, or timers to help with transitions and tasks.
5. Focus on the Child’s Strengths
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Encourage your child’s talents and interests.
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Celebrate small victories and progress.
6. Take Care of Yourself
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Don’t ignore your own mental and physical health.
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Make time for rest, hobbies, or even counseling if needed.
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A healthy parent is better able to care for their child.
7. Practice Patience and Flexibility
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Progress may be slow and setbacks can happen.
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Stay calm, and adjust expectations as needed.
8. Advocate for Your Child
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Be their voice in schools, healthcare, and the community.
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Learn about your child’s rights to education and services.
Most importantly, remember:
